Spin Quantum Number Definition

The spin quantum number is the fourth quantum number, denoted by  s or ms. The spin quantum number indicates the orientation of the intrinsic angular momentum of an electron in an atom. It describes the quantum state of an electron, including its energy, orbital shape, and orbital orientation. The only possible values of a spin quantum number are  ½ or - ½ (sometimes referred to as spin up and spin down). The value of spin is a quantum state, not something so easily understood as the direction in which an electron spins! Sources Atkins, P.; de Paula, J. (2006). Physical Chemistry (8th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-8759-8.Bertolotti, Mario (2004). The History of the Laser. CRC Press. pp. 150–153.Merzbacher, E. (1998). Quantum Mechanics (3rd ed.). John Wiley. p.430-1 ISBN 0-471-88702-1.

The Death Penalty Is A Form Of Capital Punishment Essay

The death penalty is a form of capital punishment which has been implemented in the judicial system for thousands of years, the popularity of which has fluctuated throughout the years. Over time, the public has generally been supportive of the use of the death penalty within the United States judicial system, where at one point almost all citizens were in favor of this form of capital punishment. However, in more recent years, the support for it has decreased and due to this it has become a less common form of punishment. The topic of the death penalty is one that has not been greatly discussed and debated, primarily because many citizens believe that many criminals deserve to die for committing the heinous crimes they are being punished for. But is that the question we should be asking? African-American lawyer, social justice activist, and professor Bryan Stevenson challenges this question and the injustice of the justice system as a whole in his TED talk, â€Å"We Need to Talk About an Injustice†. Stevenson is a lawyer who represents children and spends a majority of his time with clients on death row and within prisons, attempting to save his clients. He acknowledges the question of whether or not criminals deserve to die for their crimes, and identifies it to be a valid and reasonable question. He also acknowledges, however, that individuals should pay attention to the question of â€Å"is it in our power to kill these criminals†? He builds his argument around the apparentShow MoreRelatedDeath Penalty As A Form Of Capital Punishment895 Words   |  4 Pages In some states they practice death penalty as a form of capital punishment. The death penalty has been around since the country has been founded and is defined as the punishment of execution, a dministered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime. Legally there are only a number of ways one can be executed here in the U.S, those include; lethal injection, electrocution, gas chamber, hanging, and firing squad, with lethal injection being the most common form. For centuries people have arguedRead MoreThe Death Penalty As A Form Of Capital Punishment1917 Words   |  8 Pagesmerely denying another human the right to live. Death Penalty is a sentence where the state terminate the life of the convicted as a form of capital punishment. The death penalty is legal as well as long as it is imposed fairly. It is one has been an ongoing battle in the United States that raises some litigation issues regarding the effectiveness of counsel, the use of qualified juries, and the lengthy period in which offenders have to spend on death row while anticipating execution. However, in orderRead MoreWhy the Death Penalty is Ineffective1552 Words   |  6 PagesWhy the Death Penalty is Ineffective The society constantly tries to reason with an effective way to respond to violence. Differences in opinion on the use of death as punishment arise from differences in religious, ethical, cultural, and morale perspectives. The role of death as a punishment for an offence has not been solved today, and remains a dilemma for the citizenrys political, legal, social, and religious thought. This is because an answer to the question is the death penalty effectiveRead MoreCapital Punishment Of The United States961 Words   |  4 Pages Capital Punishment in the United States For centuries, capital punishment has been used as a consequence of capital crime. Criminals who have committed such crimes are subject to facing the death penalty. Pickens shares, â€Å"Capital crimes are considered to be treason or terrorist attacks against the government, crimes against property when life is threatened, and crimes against a person that may include murder, assault, and robberyRead MorePros And Cons Of The Death Penalty1348 Words   |  6 Pagesmethods of punishment on lawbreakers and criminals. These include jail time, community service, paroles, fines, and the most shocking, the death penalty. The death penalty, also referred to as capital punishment, was first introduced in the form of hanging hundreds of years ago when America was first established. Now, the most common way of execution proves to be death by lethal injection. 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Capital punishment is when someone has committed a crime in which they are sentenced to death. In this paper I will be arguing that the death penalty is okay. Capital punishment has been a controversial and debatable issue for centuries. People have been sentenced to capital punishment since the beginning of time, it has been accepted as fair punishment by law enforcement within any period. Over time capital punishment has becomeRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review Capital punishment is defined as â€Å"a form of sentencing where the convicted person is ordered to death by the court system (Dotson and Carter, 2012, p.1). Capital punishment also known as the death penalty is one of the most controversial issues in today’s society. Many supporters and opponents of the death penalty debate over whether it is constitutional, whether it is inhumane, and whether it deters crime. Some abolitionists view the death penalty as immoral because it violates

Earth Fault Relay Explained Elaborately †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Earth Fault Relay Explained Elaborately? Answer: Introduction The substations main purpose is to obtain power from the high voltage source that is from the power stations. In this scenario, the Berserker Substation is focussed. This report will highlight the equipment, design associated and also the redundancy and the protection relay will be showcased. Objective The Berserker Substation is constructed along with the equipment incorporated keeping in mind the following advantages it can provide- The primary objective of the substation is to acquire the power which flows at a high voltage from the stations where power is generated [2]. Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) technology reduces substation accommodation to seventy per cent. Switchgear which involves the circuit breakers and these circuit breakers are responsible for intervening the short-circuit current generated from the power stations. Surge arresters to safeguard the switchgear from over voltages happened due to lighting thus regulates the normal current flow [1]. Substation automation to protect, secure and control the electrical components. The construction work must be comparatively simpler and cheaper and must be flexible for an extension if required. Background or Network description The Berserker Substation along with its component design has been highlighted in this report (Refer to Appendix A). The major function of the substation is to acquire the power which flows at a high voltage from the stations where power is generated [3]. Synchronous condensers are installed within the substations to enhance the power factor and giving facilities to administer and monitor different parts of the power system. The substations can be elaborated according to the service prerequisites and design features. The service pre requisites include converting substations, transformer substations and switching substations. Transformer substations: These transformer substations are responsible for converting power from one voltage level to other. They can be further elaborated into distribution substations, step-up substations, secondary substations and primary grid sub stations [6]. The step-up substations generate about 11kV and that needs to be stepped up to the primary transmission voltage level of 220kV. The primary business stations are situated at the transmission lines' end and the primary voltage here drops down to secondary voltages of 66kV. The distribution sub stations are situated immediately to the consumer localities to distribute the power of 400V, three phases or single phase to the users. Switching substations: The switching substations generally switch the workings of power lines without converting the voltage. Various connections are generated in between the transmission lines. Converting substation: The converting substation is responsible for transforming AC to DC or vice versa [4]. The main substations components Isolator- When the current supply is interrupted, the isolator either makes connections or disconnects the circuit; the isolator is basically used to break the charging current of the transmission line. Lightning arrester- This component is used to protect the entire substation from the lighting fallout. CT Metering- This equipment basically measures and keep track of the current usage at the time when the secondary terminal [7]. Step down transformer- this device is used to convert the range of voltage current from high to low. Capacitor Bank- This device is generally used to enhance the power factor of the transmission line; it basically involves the series connection of the capacitor or else the parallel connection of the capacitor. Circuit Breaker- It basically restricts the excess flow of current. Earthing The substation requires proper earthing as it ensures that no potential threats occur in the substation, so while designing a substation three voltage must be kept in mind, they are- mesh voltage, touch voltage and step voltage [2]. Layout of the substation There are four varieties that guarantee the securities of current supply No modification is required for the maintenance of the substation Little modification is required to relocate the load to the alternate circuit. Loss of circuit due to lack of maintenance. Loss of substation as a whole due to lack of maintenance. Various Layouts There are various layouts for the substations, one is single busbar, and the other one is mesh substation, one and a half circuit breaker layout. Redundancy in Network design To diminish the power interruption, power grids are rapidly increasing day by day retrofitting substation system [1]. The retrofitting applications can be executed by the following two structures- centralised system architecture and decentralised system architecture. Decentralised management architecture mainly involves system redundancy and this redundancy can be achieved by multiple computer systems, where each computer system executes only one operating system and one application at a time. That means only one application and one operating system can be deployed in the physical server at a time. Centralised management architecture involves the deployment of multiple operating systems and multiple applications on a single physical structure. Here the server provides the virtualisation facility, here multiple operating system and multiple applications can be executed, so applications need not be isolated, also there is no chance of compatibility issue [4]. Secondly, the life of the legacy software applications can be prolonged or extended by Centralised management architecture. Use and Advantage The legacy power substation is upgraded with IEDs and then those IEDs are integrated with the substation. The task is not simple and can only be accomplished by effective management-system redundancy [6]. Retrofitting of the power substations can be achieved by the method. Protection Equipment Protection relays are responsible to detect the abnormal behaviours within the system, to check the faults within the system and directs more than one circuit breaker to explore and separate the faulty equipment and systems. Circuit breakers fail relay is responsible to connect electric equipment and circuits in an efficient way. They are opened or closed based on the command, they are basically opened to suspend or clear any fault within and they have been designed in such a way that it can make a minimal impact on the power system [3]. Multifunction relay is combined with the primary control system by configuring few input and output points to work in between the controller and relay. This relay helps in real time monitoring of the power system and detects the faults within the Power system. The faults are detected basically on the monitoring of the system and monitoring involves the couple channel monitoring, monitoring of speed, monitoring of light curtain and extension of the relay to enhance the number of output contacts. Neutral earth fault relay is responsible to detect the ground faults and it immediately interrupts the circuit based on the detection of ground faults. Thus the substations ground faults can be minimised [5]. Sensitive Earth fault relay also checks the earth fault or the ground fault within. It is basically used in the substation when the earth fault is set to significantly low value. Capacitor Bank consists of the three element s- unit fuse, element fuse and bank protection and this is also used to detect and mitigate the internal and external faults. Bus Differential relay in the substation is basically implemented to detect any faults on the busbar. It takes a huge lot of time to detect the fault and this bus-bar protection involves Kirchoff's current law [5]. Transformer Oil and Winding Trip relay are used to identify the temperature instantaneous temperature of the oil and windings, this can also detect the maximal rise of temperature of both oil and windings. These temperature indicators help to regulate the temperature of the substation. Protection (Overcurrent) relay setting and coordination Overcurrent Relay provides the earth fault protection. The Earth-fault Relay is utilised to secure the feeder opposing the faults which are correlated with the ground. The earth faults range from single line to ground whereas the double line ranges from double line to ground faults [8]. Here the single line to ground faults has been shown in the following diagram for the requirements of setting and coordination. The maximum financial current for the a-g fault can be provided by- Accordingly, it can be inferred that there can be notable variety in the earth fault current values. They can be even beneath the load current because of large impedance to ground. Consequently, to give protection, earth fault relays utilize zero sequence current across phase current for fault recognition [8]. The zero sequence segments are missing in load current or phase faults. Relay Co-ordination for Earth-fault Rela Fig 2: Simple Radial Distribution System (Source: [8] Fig 3: Phase and Earth Fault Relay Configuration (Source: [8]) Fig 4: Earth Fault Relay Coordination (Source: [8]) Relay R1 is responsible for giving protection to the earth fault at secondary side of 2.5MVA, 11/3.3kV transformer; R2 is responsible for giving protection at bus B. There are 2 CTs, one CT that is 200:5, is linked to instantaneous relay while the other one 500:5 is linked to inverse current relay. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discourse that the redundancy is beneficial for restricting power interruption and regulates normal flow of current whereas the protection relay is beneficial for securing the feeder and reducing the fault. The Earth-fault protection along with relay coordination for the earth-fault relay has been detailed. References [1] Zeynal, Hossein, Mostafa Eidiani, and Dariush Yazdanpanah. "Intelligent substation automation systems for robust operation of smart grids." InInnovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT Asia), 2014 IEEE, pp. 786-790. IEEE, 2014. [2] Mainali, Krishna, Awneesh Tripathi, Sachin Madhusoodhanan, Arun Kadavelugu, Dhaval Patel, Samir Hazra, Kamalesh Hatua, and Subhashish Bhattacharya. "A Transformerless Intelligent Power Substation: A three-phase SST enabled by a 15-kV SiC IGBT."IEEE Power Electronics Magazine2, no. 3 2015: 31-43. [3] Hao, W. A. N. G., Y. A. O. Jian, Xuan-ni LIN, and S. U. I. Hong. "Research of the Redundancy Technologies in the Communication Network for Distribution Automation."DEStech Transactions on Computer Science and Engineeringwcne 2016. [4] Ge, Xiongzi, Yi Liu, Chengtao Lu, Jim Diehl, David HC Du, Liang Zhang, and Jian Chen. "VNRE: Flexible and Efficient Acceleration for Network Redundancy Elimination." InParallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, 2016 IEEE International, pp. 83-92. IEEE, 2016. [5] Saleh, Khaled A., Ali Hooshyar, and Ehab F. El-Saadany. "Hybrid passive-overcurrent relay for detection of faults in low-voltage DC grids."IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid8, no. 3 2017: 1129-1138. [6] Stojanovi?, Zoran N., and Milenko B. Djuri?. "An accounting for directional earth-fault relay with no voltage inputs."Electric Power Systems Research96 2013: 144-149. [7] Davarpanah, Mahdi, Majid Sanaye-Pasand, and Reza Iravani. "Performance management of the transformer restricted earth fault relay."IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery28, no. 1 2013: 467-474. [8] NPTEL: Electrical Engineering - Power System Protection,Nptel.ac.in, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108101039/17. [Accessed: 12- Sep- 2017].

Summary of 1847 Medical Code of Ethics free essay sample

The code of medical ethics was written with the intention of standardizing the expectation for ethical behavior throughout every professional medical setting within the United States. This collection of ethical principles was intended for physician and patient alike, so that there would be a thorough understanding of the expectations of both parties within the medical setting. Rules concerning the subject matter should be shaped according to the recommendation of experienced physicians, past and present, including Hippocrates. Importance is placed on medical case history which has, and will continue to, shape the ethical code, given that the knowledge acquired is passed down to current practicing medical professionals. If questions arise concerning the expectations between physicians and patients, between medical co-workers, or between the medical profession and the general public, the medical code of ethics should serve as a guideline as to how behavior should be conducted. Physicians are expected to serve their patients in a variety of different ways. The first way is to apply their talents to respectfully assist the sick. Physicians are to treat cases with great detail and to keep records of that detail. However, they are not to share that information unless required to do so, complete confidentiality should be upheld. When meeting with a patient, the medical provider is to defend the patient’s spirit by only revealing necessary information, yet providing timely notice of danger when it is confirmed. Sometimes, visits and advice should be denied. For if they are unnecessary, yet still provided, anxiety could be created within the patient and the physician could be accused of having ulterior motives. Visits to patients who seem to be incurable should not be considered unnecessary, though. Physicians should continue to treat these patients, to at least strive to provide a comfortable from pain. Throughout all of their services, medical providers should aim to inspire, especially in the most difficult of circumstances. In doing this, the physician earns the respect and obligation of their patients. The ethical code cannot place all moral obligations on the physicians alone. Patients, too, have a moral responsibility within the scope of medical care. That responsibility begins by finding a physician with a legitimate education, and allowing that physician to provide as much health care to the patient and his/her family as possible. Once a trustworthy physician is located, the patient should understand that physicians risk their own health while providing their best medical advice to the sick, acknowledge the sacrificial efforts and properly compensate those services. Patients are not to withhold information concerning the potential cause of the disease, yet are to refrain from providing unnecessary details or information. Once the professional has provided his medical advice concerning medication, diet, or exercise, it is the duty of the patient to follow those orders. In addition to that, patients are to respect the time of their physician by scheduling appointments at appropriate times, along with refraining from seeking a consultation without the previous consent of the physician. Finally, if a patient intends to change their primary physician, it is the responsibility of that patient to provide reasoning behind that decision. Informing the physician is courteous, and professional. Physicians are also required to maintain a specific level of professional character. When physicians enter the medical profession, they are to strive to make further advancements in it, but should never forget to respect those who have made the advancements before them. Physicians are to hold not only themselves, but their peers to the higher standard of moral excellence required by medical professionals. Publically advertising medical services, boasting of personal medical successes, or patenting any medical instruments or medicines would fall short of that standard. These acts would not promote a medical environment where all physicians worked together for the good of the public. Proper inter-physician behavior is necessary to serve using proper methods and cures. No rivalries are to be present between practicing physicians. In fact, a physician should be ready and willing to serve another physician if called to, especially if it concerns that physician’s family, as an unbiased opinion is preferred. Even if the patient is not a relative, a requested physician or medical professional should always be allowed to sit in on a consultation. When a meeting is scheduled, punctuality is important. If in those meetings differences occur, they are to be deliberated privately, and theoretical situations are not to be discussed. All decisions must be made before delivering information to the patient. At that time, all responsibility is shared equally among deciding physicians, and differences in opinion should remain confidential. If at any time an agreement cannot be made, an additional professional should be consulted, majority rules. The assisting physician is to never say or do anything in front of the attending physician’s patient that would cause that patient to lose faith in their practitioner. There may be times where a physician is not present to properly serve his community. In that situation, substitutes are to be put in place to care for the patients of that physician. The substitute should only work according to the medical qualifications acquired. Even if the substitute is qualified to, writing new prescriptions or making any major medical decisions for the patient is not recommended without previous consent from the attending physician, except in emergency situations. When the attending physician returns, the substitute is to immediately surrender the cases back over, never causing the patient to lose trust in the original physician. Whatever services the substitute provided, he should be properly compensated for. However, specific rules about payment should be set up by the faculty in every community, because the physician and community serve each other. Even if it means risking their lives, a physician is to serve, use knowledge and skill to avoid unproven medicine, and provide testimony if called on by legal authorities. Although every situation is not described, the code of ethics should be used as a guide for behavior expected of physicians to patients, medical co-workers to each other, and physicians to the public. Medical professionals are held to a higher standard and have to maintain their knowledge in order to optimally serve. There are duties shared by all parties involved in the health care field, but all should conduct themselves according to this moral code and continue to provide respect and appreciation to those who serve.